What is a zone plate?

Question

I was looking into alternative methods of photography and I happened upon something called a 'zone plate.'

Three questions:

1. What is a zone plate?
2. How does it work?
3. What can I do with it?

Answer

Summary

A zone plate is a way of focusing light, like a lens, but using Fresnel diffraction instead of refraction. This is cool from a theoretical point of view, because it demonstrates the wave nature of light. And it's cool from a photography point of view, because the images produced have a unique glow, with a impressionistic almost-painted look. If you're attracted to a certain lo-fi "old-camera" aesthetic, using a zone plate is a way to get it authentically, rather than faking it in post-processing.

Construction and Principles

The plate, which is a small piece of glass, plastic, or something else relatively transparent, is inscribed with concentric opaque circles. In order to create a focused image, these are placed so that the interference creates zones of "constructive" interference, forming a focused image. The D.I.Y zone plate web page Whiz Kid Technomagic Zone Plate Designer explains the math and pratical physics behind the choice of size and spacing quite nicely. And the Wikipedia article on zone plates has some graphics, one of which I'm borrowing here:

_{Graphic by Tom Murphy VII, licensed CC-BY-SA}

(This same sort of image is also used, for unrelated reasons, and with finer circles than the one above, to produce moiré patterns for testing display quality, or for tuning autofocus.)

Versus Pinhole Lens

A zone plate is often compared to a pinhole lens, but there are important differences.

First, it does have a depth of field and therefore can be focused, although usually the DoF is rather large (like using a 35mm lens stopped down to f/22 or so). Second, the amount of light let through is significantly greater. For example, Lensbaby's Pinhole/Zone Plate optic provides an f/177-equivalent pinhole, and in zone plate mode is like f/19 — 6½ stops faster.

This means that with a modern SLR, you can, with care, shoot hand-held. And, although it'll be dark, you can even compose through the viewfinder. (On my Pentax K-7, the metering even works accurately.)

The Look

And perhaps most importantly, the look is quite distinctive. Point sources of light will actually show the concentric-circle pattern of the zone plate in a very dramatic way. And as with bokeh in a lens, this affects the image even in non-highlight areas — areas of bright light have a, well, diffused glow around them. Personally, I don't care for the "archery target" effect of highlights and try to avoid them, but I like the soft look which suffuses the image if point sources are avoided:

_{Photo by me, licensed CC-BY-SA 3.0 at this resolution.}

There's examples on Flickr, and since Lensbaby sells a zone plate optic, they also provide a Gallery of Zone Plate Samples, which nicely illustrates the effect — both the concentric-circle lights, and some more subtle effects as well. I think it works particularly well on flowers and portraits.

Some Zone Plate Options

On the Lensbaby product: I'm not sure I'd spend $100 (or more) for a lens body plus $40 for the pinhole/zone plate optic just for this, but if you already have a Lensbaby, or are thinking of getting one for the other optics, and are interested in this kind of photography, I think it's well worthwhile. Since moving the focus plane and area of sharpness isn't really a consideration here, the Scout lens body might be the best choice, although that is currently only sold with the Fisheye optic.

Pinhole Resource also offers zone plate body caps; at around $65 for the dSLR versions, these are considerably cheaper than the Lensbaby combo (but of course more expensive if you're considering a whole Lensbaby kit anyway). I haven't used these, so I can't meaningfully compare them in practice. I notice that they're f/45 — two and a half stops slower than the Lensbaby. That would probably compromise the ability to compose through the viewfinder, and I wouldn't be surprised if metering is out of the question. And of course it means any portrait subjects need to sit extra-still, perhaps pretending they're getting their 19th-century tintype taken.

And, there's the D.I.Y. zone plate page I mentioned above. This suggests an older process using B&W film to make precise lines, or else simply printing on a transparency with a laser printer. This is probably less precise than the machine-made more-expensive zone plates, which would result in a loss of overall resolving power — but if you're going this approach, resolving power probably isn't your top concern anyway, and as the site notes, you'll have the flexibility to tune your zone plates to different wavelengths of light or to different focal lengths and aperture sizes.

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